Cluny

Cluny is a small, unremarkable-looking Burgundy town from the outside, and it takes actual effort to reconstruct in your head what used to stand there: from its completion around 1130 until Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome surpassed it in the sixteenth century, the Abbey of Cluny was the largest church in the world, the mother house of a monastic order that at its peak controlled over a thousand dependent priories across Europe. Almost none of that original building survives. Walking around what’s left, and understanding just how much is missing, ended up being the most memorable part of the visit.

What the Revolution left behind

After the French Revolution, the abbey was sold off and largely demolished for building stone over the following decades, an act of destruction that local guides still describe with a kind of lingering regret, as if it happened last year rather than two centuries ago. What survives is genuinely striking even in fragments: the Clocher de l’Eau Bénite, a Romanesque tower rising over the remaining transept, and a scattering of arches and column stumps scattered across what is now largely open ground, run through by later buildings including, oddly, part of a nineteenth-century engineering school. We used the small scale model in the visitor centre, showing the abbey’s original full footprint against the town’s current layout, to understand where we were actually standing, and the sheer difference between the model and the ruins was more affecting than a fully intact building would have been.

A town still shaped by its missing church

Cluny’s medieval street layout still radiates outward from where the abbey once stood, and a scattering of surviving Romanesque houses on Rue de la République and Rue d’Avril — some of the oldest civil, non-religious medieval housing in France — hint at how prosperous the town became simply by servicing the abbey’s pilgrims and monks for centuries. We had lunch at a small café built into what had once been part of the abbey’s outer walls, the owner mentioning almost casually that her building’s foundations were nine hundred years old, and spent the afternoon wandering streets that all, in one way or another, still pointed back toward the ruin at the centre of town.

When to go: Spring through early autumn, when the visitor centre’s guided tours run most frequently and the open ruins are pleasant to walk without needing shelter from rain.